The files that result from saving the entire contents of memory to disk for inspection, which is nowadays commonly performed automatically when a major error occurs in a computer program, are still called " core dumps". Read-only core rope memory, for example, was used on the mission-critical Apollo Guidance Computer essential to NASA's successful Moon landings.Īlthough core memory is obsolete, computer memory is still sometimes called "core" even though it is made of semiconductors, particularly by people who had worked with machines having actual core memory. Core memory was driven from the market gradually between 19.ĭepending on how it was wired, core memory could be exceptionally reliable. Improvements in semiconductor manufacturing led to rapid increases in storage capacity and decreases in price per kilobyte, while the costs and specs of core memory changed little. Its availability in quantity at 1 cent per bit marked the beginning of the end for core memory. The first successful dynamic random-access memory ( DRAM), the Intel 1103, followed in 1970. The introduction of the first semiconductor memory chips in the late 1960s, which initially created static random-access memory ( SRAM), began to erode the market for core memory. The cost declined over this period from about $1 per bit to about 1 cent per bit. However, reaching this density required extremely careful manufacture, which was almost always carried out by hand in spite of repeated major efforts to automate the process. Using smaller cores and wires, the memory density of core slowly increased, and by the late 1960s a density of about 32 kilobits per cubic foot (about 0.9 kilobits per litre) was typical. Therefore, they are a type of non-volatile memory. When not being read or written, the cores maintain the last value they had, even if the power is turned off. The process of reading the core causes the core to be reset to a zero, thus erasing it. Another wire through each core, the sense wire, is used to detect whether the core changed state. Electric current pulses in some of the wires through a core allow the direction of the magnetization in that core to be set in either direction, thus storing a one or a zero. The value of the bit stored in a core is zero or one according to the direction of that core's magnetization. A core can be magnetized in either the clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. Magnetic hysteresis allows each of the cores to "remember", or store a state.Įach core stores one bit of information. Two or more wires pass through each core. Such memory is often just called core memory, or, informally, core.Ĭore memory uses toroids (rings) of a hard magnetic material (usually a semi-hard ferrite) as transformer cores, where each wire threaded through the core serves as a transformer winding. * Values are calculated for Length of engagement of 5xPitch.Magnetic-core memory was the predominant form of random-access computer memory for 20 years between about 19. * Permisable values for thread Class 3A # Description Value (Inch) Value (mm) es Allowance 0 (Ref) 0 (Ref) d Major Diameter 0.1828 - 0.19 4.643 - 4.826 d 2 Pitch Diameter 0.1604 - 0.1629 4.074 - 4.138 d 3 Minor Diameter For calculations of different engagement length use the Thread Calculator * Values are calculated for Length of engagement of 5xPitch.
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